PHONOLOGY

Transformational Generative Phonology

 

1.       low vowels are nasalized between nasal consonants

/minit/ → /minat/

(low vowel = a )

( nasal consonants = ŋ , ɳ , ɲ , ɱ , n , m )

formula = [+nasal] _ [+nasal]

 

2.       plosives are voiceless if word B. plosives are voiceless if word-final

/barut/ → /barot/ (perkataan depan bunyi B . belakang plosive tidak bersuara = p , t , k )

formula = [+cons,+plosiive] = [-voice] / _ [-voice] #

 

 

3.       any vowel is deleted before another vowel

/mood/ → /mud/

formula = V → Ø / _ [Vocal]  

                = O → Ø / _ [O]

 

4.       sonorants are deleted at the end of noun roots provided the root is not carrying a suffix

/column/→/column/

formula = [sonarant ] → Ø / [noun root not carrying a suffix]#

 

5.       sibilant fricatives are voiced between vowels

/pleasure/

formula = [sibilant fricative] → [+voice] / [vowel] _ [vowel]

 

6.       Obstruent becomes voiced after voiced sound

/browse/

formula = [obstruent]→ [+voice] / [voice sound] _

 

7.       Obstruent becomes voiced when between two voiced sounds

/reason/

formula = [obstruent] → [+voice] / [voice] _ [voice] 

 

8.       Obstruent becomes voiced before a voiced sound

/fondant/

/jiggle/

formula = [obstruent]→[+voice] / _ [+voice] 

 

9.       Obstruent becomes voiceless before a morpheme boundary

/psycho + logy/

formula = obstruent → [ - voice] / _ [morpheme boundary]

 

10.   Consonant becomes voiced between vowels:

/ayam/

/angin/

formula = [consonant] → [+voice] / [vowel]  _ [vowel]

 

11.   Numbering: Metathesis of fricative and plosive

/asterisk/ → /asterix/

formula

=

1.       A

2.       S

3.       T

4.       E

5.       R

6.       I

7.       X

 

 

 

12.   Dutch: fricatives are voiceless before voiceless consonants, e.g. “hoofd” as /ho:ft/ (“head”), and voiced before voiced consonants, e.g. “hoofden” as /ho:vdǩn/ (“heads”)

 

FORMULA =

Fricative → [-voice] / _ [ consonant , - voice] + [+voice] / _ [ consonant , + voice ]

 

13.   In Indonesian the final nasal consonant of certain prefixes agrees with the following plosive in place of articulation, e.g. the agent noun prefix “peN” is “pem” before a bilabial, “pen” before an alveolar etc. Example data: bantu (“help”) pembantu (“helper”) /m/ duduk (“sit”) penduduk (“inhabitant”) /n/ jahit (“sew”) penjahit (“tailor”) /Ȃ/ guna (“use”) pengguna (“user”) /ŋ/ Write one rule for the assimilation of the nasal consonant.

 

FORMULA /RULE = [+nasal , + coronal , +anterior] → [aplace] / _ [-vowel , aplace] .